The Pannonian grey ceramics

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Introduction

This kind of ceramics is the most typical, but in the research, the most discussed product of Pannonia’s pottery. It’s basically with native origin, but influenced by numerous different effects; one of its most characteristic attributes and speciality at the same time is the presence of stamped decoration and the potter’s marks. It is known as Pannonische Glanztonware, Pannonian products, pottery with stamped decoration, Pannonian ceramics, Pannonian grey ceramics, grey ceramics with dark grey to black coloured slip, stamped pottery, Pannonian ceramics with stamped decoration, and "dishes mostly originated from Resatus and his circle" written by B. Thomas Edit, imitations of terra nigrae and TS, however the last expression is used only for the undecorated pieces. Many people examined this group of pottery, but a comprehensive work hasn’t been written yet.

The history of research

In the beginning, such finds were thought to be the productions of Resatus, whose name was the only one which was known from the pottery at the time. It was first mentioned by Flóris Rómer in 1864, then the next reference to some pieces from the tumuli of Pátka was also written by Rómer in 1878. The pottery of Resatus is also mentioned in the CIL III. written at the end of the century. Owing to the excavations in Aquincum, flourishing in the 1880’s, more and more of such ceramics became known. Károly Torma published the known pieces in the chapter of "The marks of the local officinae". Such ceramics were found in the military baths in 1882 during Hampel’s excavation, then in the palaestra in 1883.

In 1889, Bálint Kuzsinszky marked them off from the terra sigillatae and regarded them as local products. It was also him who mentioned that only one part of the stamped pottery is grey, other parts of them are yellow or red, but the character of producing and sometimes the marks are the same. Hampel had already connected them to the eravisci, but at the end of the century controversy was held on the determination of the origin.

In the beginning of the 20^th century the stamped pottery turned up in the foreign special literature too. In 1904, Déchelette summarized the state of the research at that time. According to him, the origin of the group can be traced back to the Balkan and to Asia Minor, from where they spread with Celtic intervention.

In 1904, Lajos Németh published the famous bowl of Szilasbalhás, then pieces with Resatus’mark came to light in 1906 from Gyula Rhé’s excavation in Pogánytelek. Thereafter Arnold Börzsönyi found ”Resatus-pottery” in the centre of Győr in 1907. Unfortunately we don’t know if these dishes are with potter’s mark or only with stamped decoration. The first pieces from Carnuntum and Vindobona came to light in the beginning of the 1900’s.

Two small circular and two bigger rectangular ovens were found by Bálint Kuzsinszky in Pogánytelek in 1920, close to them stamped pottery came to light, this is why he thought that he had found a producing workshop. In 1920, Lajos Nagy was the first who didn’t connect the production of the ceramics only to Resatus, but supposed other workshops as well. He tried to grouped the stamped pottery and proved that a workshop in Aquincum must have functioned in the time of Trajan and Hadrian. According to him, the stamped pottery, already popular in the Celtic period, was influenced by the early terra sigillatae, because the potters wanted to produce marketable goods with the TS, so they tried to produce ceramics with bulging decoration as weell. These pots, however, didn’t become so popular (such dishes were found in Aquincum, Baláca and Szilasbalhás). Lajos Nagy tried to date and locate the working of Resatus. According to him, his first workshop could have been in Pogánytelek between 75 and 95 AD., then the second one could have been in Aquincum between 95 and 135 AD. In 1932, Bálint Kuzsinszky wrote about the workshops of Gázgyár in Aquincum and about the similarity of the stamped pottery and TS forms. During the excavation of the native settlement of Gellérthegy-Tabán in 1934-35, it turned out that the Celtic potters had adopted Roman forms.

Klára Póczy examined the finds of Papföld found in a dusthole in the laconicum of the public baths in Aquincum, then she mentioned numerous names of potters in her article of 1956 stating potters’ workshops in Aquincum, but it doesn’t turn out unambiguously which made stamped pottery and imitations of TS or other dishes. She was the first who conveyed the suggestion that not every piece with Resatus’mark could be the production of the potter’s but employees could have produced them as mass products or other workshops could have imitated these ceramics. András Mócsy determined that a West- and an East-Pannonian group can be separated according to the finds of the early Roman cemetery of Háman Kató Street in Savaria. Edit B.Thomas divided the Pannonian dishes into four groups in one of her articles written in 1955: 1., Resatus’dishes( according to her, his workshop wasn’t in Pogánytelek, but in the southern part of Fejér county), 2., pieces close to Resatus (which were mostly found in Fejér county), 3., "The potter of the dishes of Szilasbalhás", 4., dishes with Celtic tradition. In the 1940’s and 1950’s, stamped pottery was found in bigger excavations. Dishes from the Barbaricum of Slovakia were published by Kolník in 1958. In 1962, András Mócsy summarized the results and the special literature, then Éva Petres dealt with stamped pottery in connection with the eraviscus cemetery in Mány. In 1964, Dénes Gabler discussed them as imitations of TS, then in 1969, Éva Bónis wrote about the native settlement of Gellérthegy-Tabán and first published the stamped pottery found there. The permanent and annually publication of the excavations in Gorsium can be connected to Zsuzsa Bánki. Since then the finds of Vindobona and Carnuntum were published, but this theme commands interest in the southern region as well.

General characters

The finds can be described as follows: dishes were made by wheel, with slip and they were mostly produced with reduction firing. The latter could signify the effect of Campanian goods and the black TS, but it’s not alien from the local traditions. However, the oxidizing fire can be proved from the beginnings depending on workshops. As for the group’s origin, it reflects Hellenistic, Western and La Téne traditions. It can be observed in the forms and decoration.

Forms, decoration and stamps

The stamping can be seen inside of the dish, on the bottom of it or on its external body (mostly on cups). According to the name of the stamped pottery, the pots have only stamped decorations, so it doesn’t matter where the decoration is placed. The stamp is made with a positive seal, so the decoration appears in negative form on the pots. The majority of the forms are ornamental, the big-sized decorations are typical, but simple animal- and human figures can be also oserved. The stamped motifs can be placed in the middle, alone or in groups, in stripes or in lines. The combination of these can also be observed. The origin of this kind of decoration is placed to the region of Pontus, and the spreading of it is connected to the Celtic migration. The Greeks used stamping from the 5^th century BC., but at the coast of the Black Sea and in Italia, plates with black, metallic glaze and stamped decoration were produced in the 2^nd-1^st century BC. In places, where we have to reckon with Celtic population, bucchero-imitations decorated with the impressions of Celtic coins were found everywhere during the excavations from Jakobsthal to Campania. The fact that the stamped pottery came into use everywhere in the Empire during the early imperial period in Britannia, Gallia and in Pannonia shows the strong effect of the La Téne culture.The original forms and the black, metallic glaze lived on till the middle of the 2^nd century AD. The thing in which the situation here differs from that of the Western provinces is that the production of the stamped pottery in Pannonia, Dacia and in Asia Minor doesn’t have a third-rate role beside the TS, but it has big importance. It can be proved by the bigger richness and variety, which is shown by the products in this area.

In the region of the Black Sea, the stamped pottery was influenced by Hellenistic impressions, but the decoration of the Pannonian grey ceramics was under the influence of TS workshops during the time of its whole producing. Inside of this, such a tendency can be seperated, according to which western workshops go by the workshops in the region of the Po; but the eastern and southeastern ones follow the workshops of South-Gallia, specially from the second decade of the 2^nd century AD.

Although the group is similar to the terra sigillatae in many ways, not every piece can be thought as an imitation, because not every form has its known TS-original; the internal glaze is missing in cups and pots and usually the quality of the clay is rather bad. That pottery is said to be TS imitation, which fulfils the 3 former criterions, especially the pottery made by oxidizing fire is deceptively similar to the TS.

Besides, on the basis of the finds of the cemetery in Carnuntum, Solymár, Mezőszilas and Magyarszerdahely it is also evident, that the effects of utilitarian pottery from Raetia, Germania and Pannonia can be seen.

Owing to the close connection to the TS and the numerous finds, the chronological order of the grey pottery’s production is well-known. The making of such vessels could have started in the end of the 1^st century AD., both in the West- and East-Pannonian workshops.The earliest ones are thought to be the pot-forms with decoration inside of the pots in the middle, radially stamped in pairs or in fours. The motifs are leaves, bunches of grapes, geometric decorations. It can be observed that in some cases earlier TS-forms, which were typical for the beginning of the 1^st century AD. are used at this time. E.g. the bowl from Carnuntum, which was made on the basis of an Italian pot circulating from the time of Tiberian to the time of Nero.

After this initial period, the stamped pottery was flourishing in the middle of the 2^nd cent.AD. Its decoration was the most various at that time, the motifs were enriched by the decorations taken over from the TS of Lezoux. In the case of the bowl of Szilasbalhás (today it’s Mezőszilas), certain figural and floral motifs are seemed to be directly copied.

Special motifs of TS from South-Gallia: egg-wreath, garland, jumping hare, figures of Victoria, which can be seen this time on the external body of the bowls imitating TS-form (Drag 37.), usually in frame with furrow-stitch decoration. This tendency of copying usually gives proof to date. The decorations, which were taken over, are varied by the local workshops, and are used on their own and often removed from their original relations (e.g. the dividing part of the egg-wreath as a sufficient motif).

This kind of form of the stamped pottery can be proved till the 2^nd cent.AD. On the latter variations, simple leaf-lines and furrow-stitch decorations are used, later the technique of glazing appeared, but pieces with "Classical style" were found in Aquincum, under the ruins of the macellum from the 3^rd cent.AD.

Groups

In the research, the respect-system based on the currency of similar types’ circle is dominant, but the determination of the "circles" hasn’t come to an understanding yet. For the moment, on the basis of the most accepted theory 3 groups can be separated from each other:

1. South-Pannonian: it was present in South-Pannonia, in the southwestern part of Moesia and Noricum. Lajos Nagy supposed a workshop in Siscia, which is identical with the TS-workshop there. The latest examination would rather locate the workshop producing stamped ceramics to Margum. Although pottery-kilns were found in Poetovio, it can not to be proved that stamped pottery were fired in them. Anyway, quite special, oxidant fired, stamped pottery imitating the late TS-forms of the region of the Po (TSTP) spread in the region of the city, which proves production in this territory.

Other circles of workshops can be supposed on the basis of the similar characteristics of the finds in the region of Andautonia-Siscia-Neviodunum, in Mursa and in Sirmium as well, but pottery-kilns haven’t been found in these settlements yet.

The find places of the group: Drnavo (Neviodunum, Zagreb-Stenjevec, Sisak (Siscia), Dalj (Teutoburgium), Novi Bahnovci (Burgenae), Zemun (Taurunum), Beograd (Singidunum), Dolnja Lomnica, Flavia Solva, Kapfenstein, Gleisdorf.

Neviodunum (Southern Group)	Neviodunum (Southern Group)

The popular form is the hemispherical bowl with inverted rim and Celtic origin, and the variant of Drag. 35-36 and Drag. 37 forms. The typical decoration contains rosette, leaves, grouping in stripes and rouletted stripes. The radially stamped leaf-motifs show the effects of Campanian goods and black TS. Their colour is grey or red, they were usually made by oxidizing fire. This group, which is one of the earliest ones, spread mainly along the rivers, and in settlements along the Sava in the 2nd half of the 1st cent. AD. to the 2nd cent.AD.

Sava ware	Sava ware

2. West-Pannonian: this group was current in West-Pannonia, East-Noricum and in the southern part of Pannonia, which was close to the Amber Road. Workshops were founded in Vindobona, Savaria, Salla, Hosszúvölgy and maybe in Arrabona.

Distribution of the Western Group

In the beginning of the 20th, century pottery-kilns were excavated both in the canabae and in the civic town of Vindobona, and on the basis of the finds, stamped pottery could have been fired in them. A clay seal was also found, which was characteristic for the western group and shaped a wide, oval leaf-motif.

In Savaria (Szombathely), two clay seals were found, and a shaping-bowl for making pots with relief decoration came to light, but pottery-kilns haven’t been found yet.

After Aquincum and Gorsium, Salla (Zalalövő) is the third most significant find place of stamped pottery. 90 fractions of pots came to light on which 114 motifs can be seen, on 32 fractions with internal decoration 35 impressions of seals can be observed. The finds of Zalalövő is similar to the finds of Carnuntum, Savaria and Vindobona. The characteristic o fit is that there isn’t rouletted wreath or it’s really rare. These pieces could have been produced in one workshop, which could have been in any of the three settlements.

Zalalövő	Zalalövő	Zalalövő
Zalalövő	Zalalövő	Zalalövő

The products of the workshop supposed in Arrabona (Győr) are not known.

On the basis of the examination of the finds from Carnuntum, it has recently arised that similar pots could have been produced there, but it’s proved by only the metal-analysis.

In Hosszúvölgy, stamped fractions were found in the pottery-kilns and fillings of the workshop used in the 2nd cent. AD. This group can be divided into 2 parts. The first group is the earliest one, which can be dated back to the end of the 1st cent. AD. and to the beginning of the 2nd cent. AD. Pottery with low base, hemispherical body, internal leaf-impression and with Celtic origin is the characteristic of this group. Their colour is grey. The later, second group can be dated to the 3rd cent. AD. The colour of orange and red, and the variant of Drag. 37 with higher body and discontinuous profile are characteristic of this group. On the external part, the pottery is decarated with rosette, leaves in one or more lines and dividing-lines are often drawn between the lines. The most typical decorations are the naturalistic floral and geometric motifs.

The find places of the group: early pieces: Sárvár, Balatongyörök-Kövesmező, Csonkahegyhát-Szentiván, Donnerkirchen, Felsőpáty, Keszthely, Felső-Dobogó, Klosterneuburg, Magyarszerdahely, Spodrja Nova vas, Savaria, Brigetio (problematic determination of the find place), Varaždinske Toplice, Winden am See, Zalaszentgrót, Deutsch Altenberg.

Eearly and later finds were found both in Vindobona and Salla, but only later pieces are known from Scarbantia (Sopron), Podersdorf am See and from Wurzeshofen. That group could have been in the region of the boii, the centre of which could have been in the vicinity of Veszprém. The workshop of Veszprém-Pogánytelek and Balatonfűzfő belongs to this region. In Balatonfűzfő, pottery-kilns from the time of Hadrian and Antonine Pius were found, the finds showed native and Roman forms as well.

The missing of the rouletted decoration is characteristic of this group. The finds of Carnuntum, Savaria and Vindobona are similar to each other, so they could be originated from the same circle of workshop. Dividing-lines, naturalistic floral motifs and geometric decoration also occur on the pots.

Western Pannonia Group	Western Pannonia Group	Western Pannonia Group
Western Pannonia Group	Western Pannonia Group	Western Pannonia Group

3. East-Pannonian: the area of its spreading belongs to the region of the present Hungary. It appears in Aquincum, Gorsium, Brigetio and in their vicinity, and in the Barbaricum as well. South from this region, this kind of potteries are sporadic and different in style. Workshops are known in Aquincum, Gorsium and in Brigetio.

Distribution of the East Pannonian Group

Intense variety is characteristic of this group. Pottery with lower forms and hemispherical bowls with lower base, internal decoration and Celtic origin spread in the beginning. Later the variant of Drag. 37 with external decoration was used. In the beginning, they were grey, later mainly red was their colour. Its earliest workshops had already functioned in the end of the 1st cent. AD. These workshops could have produced bowls with stamped leaves placed radially on the inner part of the ceramics. They flourished in the end of the 1st cent. and in the beginning of the 2nd cent. AD. These potteries are known as the products of Resatus, for which Roman form and motifs are characteristic. They were still being produced in the 2nd and 3rd cent. AD. Its find places in Pest County: Bia, Budakalász, Dunabogdány, Solymár, Érd, Leányfalu, Páty, Perbál, Piliscsaba, Pomáz, Szentendre. The majority of the finds were found during field walkings and surface collection, so that’s why the correct place of its finding can not be easily determined.

East Pannonian Group	East Pannonian Group

The find places in the Barbaricum: Cegléd, Nagykőrös, Őriszentmiklós, Rád, Szakolya, Veresegyháza and Verseg. All of these are parts of the East-Pannonian group, which spread in the region of Aquincum and of the civitas Eraviscorum. The pieces of the South- and West-Pannonian group don’t occur here, the products of Gorsium and Brigetio occur only sporadically in this area. They can be found in civic towns, villae, military objects and as grave goods. The form can be usually traced back to TS-forms, the most frequent is the variant of Drag. 37, but the form of Drag. 35-36 also occurs. The placing of the decoration is influanced by the TS. The first line is usually rouletted, or decorated with leaves or egg-wreath.

The rouletted decoration showed up on the North-Italian terra sigillatae of the 1st cent. AD. , and it fluorished in Gallia during the reign of Hadrian. In the case of the early TS, the rouletted motif can be seen on the inner part of the bowl in circle, later it was placed on the external body, under the edge. On stamped potteries it can be seen both on the inner and on the external part. The version of the 3-leaved motif is known from the Drag. 29 TS of South-Gallia and Central-Gallia from the time of Nero and Vespasian. It appears as the first and the last line of the decorated zone on stamped pottery. Apart from this, narrow leaves, geometric leaf-festoons and egg-lines as the first line of the decoration can also be observed.

The stamped motifs go back to prototypes of TS. Just like leaves and rosettes placed in an arched, horse-shoe shaped figure. This kind of rosette showed up in the time of Claudian, such leaves turned up in the time of Vespasian and Domitian. The current analogy of some motifs are known on TS (dancing satyr, little cock, big rosette), the others have many varieties on TS (bunch of grapes of 3 parts).

There is a special group of the stamped pottery of this place.

Two sorts of seals are used to decorate the pots. One of them has positive depiction and a negative background, so the depiction becomes negative on the pottery. In case of the other seal, the depiction is negative, and the background is positive, so the impressed background sinks in the pottery. Such fractions are known from Aquincum (5 pieces), Gorsium (2 pieces), Pomáz, Esztergom, Budapest-Kende street. The location of their production could have been Aquincum in the time of Hadrian-Antonine. Their colour is red and grey. There are some pieces of ceramics which have the representation of the human form. E.g. on the Drag. 37 pot from Pomáz, on which a dancing figure can be seen. He turns up one of his arms from his elbow and puts up his other arm and crosses his legs in front of each other. He has tousled hair and an earring. Its prototype could be the dancing satyr of the TS (such piece is the pottery of Tokod). These ceramics belong to the bulging decorated TS imitations made by shaping-bowls. On the basis of their making they are stamped, but because of the bulging decoration they have higher aesthetical level.

Find places of Komárom-Esztergom County (this region can be connected to the workshop of Brigetio): Esztergom, Brigetio, Bajna, Tokod-Erzsébetakna, Sárisáp, Úny, Vértesszőlős, Máriahalom. The Drag. 37 form is dominant. Their colour is grey, dark grey with darker, brighter slip, the red and orange is rare. 157 motives can be observed on 14 fractions, so only some of the motifs recur. Ornamental leaf-motif dominates, but there are pieces with stylized and geometric decoration and animal figures can also be seen on them. The decoration usually starts with rouletted motif, mainly on the products of Gorsium and Brigetio. The leaf-festoon is a typical decoration of the East-Pannonian group. It is placed on the inner part of the rim. The arched figures which frame animals, leaves and rosettes are also typical. Perpendicular dividing-parts are used by turns with this decoration. Rosette is typical on both the inner and externel part. The majority of the decoration contains leaf-motifs. They can be partly traced back to TS originals and to the stamped pottery. Two marks of Resatus are known in the territory of Brigetio, these could be imported products. The workshop in Brigetio shows close relations to Resatus. It could have functioned between 120 and 180 AD. The place of producing could have been the workshop of Gerhát. Rouletted decoration with big lines and representations of dogs are characteristic of the products of the workshop in Brigetio.

East Pannonian Group (Komárom County)	East Pannonian Group (Komárom County)
East Pannonian Group (Komárom County)	East Pannonian Group (Komárom County)

East Pannonian Group (Komárom County)	East Pannonian Group (Komárom County)	East Pannonian Group (Komárom County)	East Pannonian Group (Komárom County)
East Pannonian Group (Komárom County)	East Pannonian Group (Komárom County)	East Pannonian Group (Komárom County)	East Pannonian Group (Komárom County)

East Pannonian Group (Komárom County)

The pottery-kilns haven’t been found in Gorsium, the presence of the workshop was concluded on the basis of the finds: two unfired pottery, on which running hares can be seen; a bronze seal, fractions of shaping-bowls and a pot with relief decoration, which was made from the same material as the local grey ceramics.

Inside of the eastern group, the group of Aquincum, Brigetio and Gorsium can be separated from each other.

Differences between the three groups of Pannonische Glanztonware

Motifs of leaves stamped radially as the effect of the black TS and the radially placing of decoration are characteristic of the Southern group.

The missing of the rouletted decoration is characteristic of the Western group. The finds of Carnuntum, Savaria and Vindobona are similar to each other, so they could be originated from the same circle of workshop. Dividing-lines, naturalistic floral motifs and geometric decoration also occur.

Intense variety is characteristic of the East-Pannonian group. According to the finds the workshops of Aquincum, Brigetio and Gorsium can be divided. The motif of dog occurs only on the pieces of Brigetio. Starting the decoration mostly with rouletted motifs and the presence of leaf-festoon are general attributes of the group.

The determination of the "circles" hasn’t come to an understanding yet. For the moment, on the basis of the most accepted theory these groups can be separated from each other.

Workshops

Proofs referring to a workshop are seals, spoilt pieces, fractions from the kilns. Spoilt pieces are not known and seals are also rare. Unfortunately, there aren’t any pieces of which impression is known from the pottery as well. Seal is known from Savaria, Vindobona, Gorsium, Keszthely, Maroskeresztúr and the Hungarian National Museum takes care of a seal from an unknown find place. We also have to reckon with the distorting effects of the defective observations at the excavations.

In one part of the workshops beside the stamped pottery TS-imitations with bulging decoration were also produced (Aquincum, gorsium, Brigetio, Maroskeresztúr). Using of the same seal to stamp shaping-bowl (TS imitation) and stamped pottery also occured (e.g. on a shaping-bowl in Brigetio-Gerhát workshop). In this case the negative impression of the positive seal on the stamped pottery and on the shaping-bowl using for production of TS imitations can be seen, and on the TS imitations made by these shaping-bowls the positive decoration can be also seen. Workshops can be supposed where many finds with identical stylistical marks are found.

In the canabae and civic town of Aquincum, many potter can be proved to have worked. In the former one, eg. in the one in Selmeczi street the producing of the stamped ceramics was going on. On the basis of the coin finds, it functioned till the middle/end of the 2nd cent. AD. Cups of Drag. 30 form and bowls of Drag. 35 form were made here. These cups and bowls were decorated with branches of pine-tree, which were placed on the external part of the cups and on the inner part of the bowls. These motifs showed an X, H or an arched form, but the four-leaved rosette also occured. The odd thing about it is that the potters used foot-shaped planta pedis during the 2nd cent. AD. , however it wasn’t characteristic for the other workshops at that time. There are a lot of pieces with potter’s mark, but unfortunately none of the potter’s name can be read out. They didn’t use the slip which was characteristic for Resatus. The pieces of this workshop were found inside Aquincum in the 2nd period of the cella trichora, in the centre-building of the collegium fabrum et centonariorum, at the southern gate of the town and at many other find places. In this workshop, beside the stamped pottery red-striped pottery and simple, utilitarian pottery was also made.

In the civic town, the workshop near the western city-wall at the Aranyárok produced stamped pottery, TS imitations with relief decoration, pottery with application and simple, utilitarian pottery. Lajos Nagy excavated this complex in 1929, and he found two kilns and a well. Deep, grey bowls with Drag. 37 form were made and decorated with floral motifs placed in lines, and with punched impression on their rim. They were coloured with orange slip or smoking.

Such products were manufactured in the town, e.g. in Kende street and Kiscelli street, where goods similar to the products of Selmeci street, but with better quality and mostly with application were made. In Bécsi street, the workshop of the leg II Adiutrix produced stamped pottery, and in the workshop of Papföld and Gázgyár such ceramics were produced later as well. Making a comparison between these pieces of stamped pottery and the grey utilitarian ceramics of the native population in the vicus of Albertfalva, it becomes unambiguous that these potters worked for the Romanianized eravisci and they were probably eravisci too.

Dating of the workshops

The potters of the stamped pottery

The planta pedis on the stamped pottery lived on during the 2nd cent. AD. On a group of pots found in Poetovio the planta pedis and the leaf-motif can be seen together. Later both of them had ornamental function. In the West-Pannonian group, the using of name-marks is rare, only two marks are known from here: MER from Vindobona and VERUS F from Magyarszerdahely. The name-marks are most frequently used in the East-Pannonian group, but only the name of Resatus and Verus can be seen on the pots with ornamental decoration. It’s characteristic that ornamental decoration or the potter’mark was used on undecorated pots, with the exception of "Resatus leaf" and the "Pine-tree", which were used only by him, and they can be seen many times with his name. In the case of the TS later the potter’s mark was placed to the external part, but in the stamped pottery the mark always stayed inside.

The workshop of Resatus

Just like the name of Resatus, Respectus is a Celtic name as well. His name is known from the TS in the region of the Rhine, in Southeast- Noricum, Southwest- Pannonia and in Northeast-Pannonia. Klára Póczy mentions him as the potter of the bowl of Mezőszilas. This is the only occurrence of the name, so it’s not known if he produced stamped pottery or just undecorated pots. We have to reckon with the fact that during the copying of the sigillatae, the name was also copied, so he was not an independent potter.

Rauracus is also mentioned by K. Póczy, so we can’t say more about him.

The name of Verus is frequent in South-Gallia, Dalmatia, Noricum and in Pannonia, where it occurs both on TS and on gravestones. Sigillatae with the name of Verus are known from Aquincum and Brigetio. It could be a name taken over from the sigillatae or an original potter’s name. The frequent occurrence of the name and the leaf-motif beside it is to be said for the latter.

Flavini mark is known from Brigetio. This is a typical name in Northwest-Hispania; in other provinces the name occurs in connection with solders with Hispanic origin, but in Pannonia, Flavius Flavinus existed as local form in the western part of the province, so he could have been a potter from Savaria.

AICC [ ] mark is known from Gorsium, it’s probably identical with the name of Aico with Celtic origin. There is a leaf-motif beside it, and it’s parallel to motifs known on pots from Gorsium and it’s similar to that leaf which is palced near Resatus’ name. He could have been a local potter.

VATI [ ] mark is known from Gorsium, the name occurs in Pannonia and it could have been Vatinius.

[ ] ATUS from Aquincum, known from the legio-camp in the time of Domitian.

RESERATUS from Arrabona, in this case the mark of Resatus was probably pushed aside.

] IUS from Aquincum.

UTERE.FELIX from Gorsium, where an other piece was imperfectly found.

DEC[ from Gorsium.

] SIUS from the vicus of Alberfalva.

] MA [ from Aquincum and from the vicus of Albertfalva.

MAXIMINI / MXIMINI from Aquincum: from the workshop of Papföld and from the depot under the macellum, the 2nd variety from the workshop of the Gázgyár.

INNIAMAIUS from the same place as the previous one.

MIIRCATOR F from Aquincum: from the workshop of Papföld and from numerous find places of the civic town.

TIFLORLORNT from Aquincum: from the depot under the macellum.

CHAHM from numerous find places of Aquincum.

QVIEI.ME from Carnuntum.

MVL CRESCE / V CRESCE from Carnuntum, Poetovio and Mursa.

CONSTAS from Sárvár.

] M.E.R. from Vindobona.

IEXHH from one of the cemeteries in Vindobona.

L GAV P, MOD, MODF, C.MODF, L.VIB, MARIVS, HE.M.PAP, L CAI SVR from Poetovio

Trade in Pannonia and outside of the province, producing in other provinces

The Pannonian grey products spread by commercial connections to the West from Poetovio, to the frontier region of Southeast-Noricum (the most western find places of the pottery: Aguntum, Teurnia, Baldresdorf, the northest find places: Zwentendorf, Favianis, Lauriacum, Lahn bei Hallstatt) to Moesia, Dacia and to the Barbaricum, but stamped pottery was also imported from the preceding provinces, and they were trading with these ceramics inside of the province as well, however not in wide circle.

The finds of Intercisa (Dunaújváros) are good exemples for this activity. Stamped pottery can be sporadically found in the material of the settlement, which indicates that the population wasn’t native, namely they didn’t buy goods with strong Celtic and eravisci effects necessarily. What they found, it was well-tempered, smoked to grey, polished, decorated with jagged, incised decoration and stamped leaves and was made in the 2nd cent. AD. One of the fractions had the mark of Resatus and the typical leaf-motif. Two pots could have been produced in the South, they are parallel with the pieces of Brigetio; three early pots show relation with the products of the Dacian workshops along the Maros. The reason could be that one of the roads leading from Dacia to Pannonia crossed the limes here, so the arriving merchants could get off some part of their goods here. Among the finds of Carnuntum only the East-Pannonian import can be found, but on this group there aren’t any animal- or human-representations, but the ornamental decoration with some geometric elements is dominant. On the basis of the material tests, we have to reckon with numerous local workshops beside the import products, but pottery-kilns from the problematic time haven’t been excavated yet.

Production was also present in Moesia and in Dacia. In Moesia, a workshop functioned in Singidunum in the 3rd cent. AD. The Dacian manufacturing is usually traced back to Pannonian origin. The time of the production is dated to the 2nd and 3rd cent. AD., but dating to the 5th and 6th cent. AD. also occurs. Two possible ways of spreading can be imagined. Either the stamped pottery got to Dacia from the region of the Drava and Sava through Maroskeresztúr or from the workshop of Resatus in Aquincum through Szeged. Such pieces were found and are kept in Zilah, Szamosújvár, Dés, Kolozsvár (Transylvanian Museum), Alsó-Ilosva, Csicsókeresztúr, Csákigorbó, Felsőzsuk, Kolozsvár-Kistarcsa, Maroskeresztúr, Mojgrád (Porolissum) and in Gyulafehérvár (Apulum). More workshops could have functioned here as well. The producing in Porolissum can be dated to the 2nd-4th cent. AD. Dishes with angular profile were made here and decorated with leaves, rosettes and geometric motifs.

The products of the workshop of Maroskeresztúr are parallel to the finds of Vindobona and Salla. Animalfigures, bunches of grapes, leaves, rosettes, horse-shoe shaped figures are characteristic for the goods of Vindobona.

In the Barbaricum, we have to reckon with the export and copying of the stamped pottery, mainly along the Danube, in the area of the present Slovakia and in Pest County.

ELU

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