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Schwabegg
Westerndorf
Literature
At the end of the 1st Century BC, an innovative ceramic industry using moulds
and double-chamber and muffle kilns was developed in Italy. It conquered markets
in many Roman provinces in the Mediterranean. Also the huge Samian production
centre in southern
Gaule achieved a similar commercial success. Already at the end of the 1st
Century AD, new Samian manufacturers established themselves in Eastern Gaule.
In the 2nd Century AD, similar production sites were started in the Raetia
and the Germanic provinces. Apparently, province boundaries
didn't play a role in the distribution of Samian.
There have been two manufacturing sites for decorated Samian in the province of Raetia.
The pottery installations at Schwabegg at the Roman long-distance road from Augsburg
to Kempten were discovered in 1979. Several mould fragments as well as many
misfirings are clear indications for a Samian production site. The ancient
name of this pottery village was presumably Rapis. Also the clay-pits were discovered in its vicinity.
The Samian made in Schwabegg were transported via land roads towards the Danube,
because the local rivulet nivigable.
The decorated Samian can be subdivided into 3 different workshops. The biggest
workshop (Werkstatt I) belonged to the potter Lucanus I, whose name was stamped
within the decoration of a Schwabegg mould. He not only stamped on the rims
of decorated vessels but also on different forms of plain ware. Therefore he
is known as a potter of decorated ware and a producer of plain ware. The same
die stamp which Lucanus used in his workshop has been also in use on plain
ware made in Rheinzabern. The identically named potter of decorated Rheinzabern
Samian does not have anything in common with the Schwabegg potter Lucanus.
From the 26 figure types taken over from Rheinzabern or copied from Rheinzabern
sources, 16 have been in use in the Oeuvre of the Rheinzabern decorator Primitivus
I. In Schwabegg itself at least 25 further figure types were added, among them
ovolo E1, which therefore can be taken as a guiding figure type for this production
centre.
A somewhat smaller workshop (Werkstatt II) has been attributed to the potter Elenius. The third workshop (Werkstatt III) has not yet been identified..
The decorated ware was predominantly marketed down the Danube. The distribution
area of Schwabegg Samian is strikingly similar to the distribution pattern
of the Waiblingen
potteries.
A possible dating of Schwabegg can be deduced from the connection of the
Schwabegg Samian with the latish Samian produced
by Primitivus I at Rheinzabern. A dating after 180 AD follows from this observation.
The Samian production site at Westerndorf was already discovered in the 19th
Century. Its Roman name was Pons
Aeni.
In the little village of Pfaffenhofen, only a few kilometers away, there have
also been found pottery installations.
Unfortunately, the finds of both sites in the old collection in the musea of
Rosenheim and Munich are mixed up with no documentation left. Only because
of its pover quality, one can assume that the production site in Pfaffenhofen
was started somewhat later:
The decorated Samian from Westerndorf was produced in 3 workshops: Comitialis,
Helenius
and
Onniorix.
Especially the workshop of Helenius
shows many connections with the Rheinzabern Samian pottery: More than 40 figure
types which have been used in Rheinzabern exclusively by the potter Helenius
are also appearing in the Westerndorf workshop of Helenius. On the contrary,
there are no relations documented between the Westerndorf potter Comitialis
and the Rheinzabern potter Comitialis.
Not only moulds have been signed on a regular basis in Westerndorf. Also the
pots made out of them were stamped on the rim. There are some vessels of Helenius
were he stamped the mould and after finishing the pot also on the rim.
His rim stamps were not only applied to products of his own workshop. His rim
stamps can also be found on vessels made in the workshop of Comitialis.
The distribution of Westerndorf decorated Samian was mainly down the Danube.
Similar to the Rheinzaberner decorated Samian one can find decorated Samian ware also widely distributed in the Barbaricum.
The dots on the map are only indicating the presence, not the quantity on each
site. The majority of Westerndorf Samian was sold to the military camps along
the Danube Limes. These dots represent regularly hundreds of vessels whereas
the dots in Barbaricum very often represent only one two vessels.
Especially the dense distribution in the middle Danube region is - similar
to the production
groups 4-6 from Rheinzabern - remarkable. In the literature, very often the Marcomannic
wars are made responsible for this phenomenon. An important argument against
this theory is that also after the end of the Marcomannic wars the influx
of Westerndorf Samian continued. Its concentration in this area can therefore
also be brought into relation with the residency of the emperors Septimus
Severus and
Caracalla
in this region between 190 and 212 AD.
Only 2 mould fragments have been found in Raetia outside the manufacturing sites.
This is a remarkable low quantity compared to mould finds in the neighbour province Germania Superior.
The discovery of a mould in Kempten, which has been made in Westerndorf, is
exceptional because Kempten does not belong to the regular distribution area
of Westerndorf Samian. The presumed discovery of a Rheinzabern mould in Bregenz
must be treated with caution since it concerns a large mould stamped fragment,
which may have come to the Bregenz collection in the 19th Century. Similar
to the Rheinzaberner
mould fragments in Lyon, Nantes and Bordeaux.
| List 1 | |||
| Site | Production site mould / potter | Literature | |
| Kempten | Westerndorf / Helenius |   |
Kellner 1962, Taf. 6-7; Czysz 1982, 344, Abb. 42; Schleiermacher 1972, Abb. 47 |
| List 2 | |||
| Unknown provenance | |||
| Bregenz | Rheinzabern / Cerialis |   |
Forrer 1911, 695, Fig. 97; Kellner 1962, Taf. 8,10; Simon 1977, 473 |
| List 3 | |||
| Samian Moulds made from local clay | |||
| Fundort | Herstellungsort Model / Qualität Ausformung | Literatur | |
| Nassenfels | "Einheimischer Formschüssel" |  |
Kellner 1962, Taf. 6,1 |
Gabler 1996; Sölch 1999.
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