Siehe diesen Text auf
Luxeuil
Lehen
"Schwäbische Ware"
"Helvetische Ware"
Heiligenberg
Rheinzabern
Mould finds
in Germania Superior
Summary
Literature
At the end of the 1st Century BC, an innovative ceramic industry using moulds
and double-chamber and muffle kilns was developed in Italy. It conquered markets
in many Roman provinces in the Mediterranean. Also the huge Samian production
centre in southern
Gaule achieved a similar commercial success. Already at the end of the 1st
Century AD, new Samian manufacturers established themselves in Eastern Gaule.
In the 2nd Century AD, similar production sites were started in the Raetia
and the Germanic provinces. Apparently, province boundaries
didn't play a role in the distribution of Samian.
There were several manufacturing sites for decorated Samian in the province of Germania Superior.
Little is known about the production centre of Luxeuil and it was hitherto only presented in one publication. The distribution of its Samian is currently only derivable from only a few sites outside the production site. The southern part of Germania Superior seems to have been the preferred distribution area.
Already in an early stage of the Samian research did mould fragments and waisters point at the existence of a Samian production site at Lehen nearby Freiburg. But it was only thanks to the publication of H.U. Nuber in 1989 that a preliminary overview on the distribution of this material was achieved.
The main potter Giamillus, whose name was found being stamped in moulds, had
via its figure types close connections to the production site in Luxeuil.
Although the Lehen ware is not known from dated sites, it can be dated because
of its stylistic parallels. The similarity of decoration zones with the decorated
ware from the production centres in central Gaule, such as Martres-de-Veyre
and Lezoux, suggest a dating in the first half of the 2nd century AD.
There were several Roman Samian production centres at Kräherwald, Nürtingen and
Waiblingen, located only a few kilometres apart from each other along the Roman
street from Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt to the Vorderen Limes. At the moment, there
are no reasons to consider these potteries as being independent from each other.
For that reason, this production group is described as "schwäbische Ware".
The distribution of "Schwäbische Ware" is
concentrated on the Vorderen Limes. Nevertheless, several finds along the Danube
suggest that the marketing was not limited to only one province. Also the assumed
custom border of the Western quadragesima Galliarum at the Inn was apparently
not a hindrance for a selling these products towards Noricum and Pannonia.
The dating of these workshops depends heavily on the moving of the Vorderen
Limes further towards the North and the abandonment of the Hinteren Limes around
155/160 AD. Because Waiblingen is situated between both frontier fortifications,
the pottery installations can only have been constructed after the establishment
of the Vorderen Limes around 155/160 AD.
.
Clear evidence for Samian production has been found at Nürtingen during building
activities in 2003 . Complete moulds, waisters and kiln-pads are proofs for
a fully equipped Samian production site. The mouldmaker Verecundus is traceable
by several different dies he used for stamping moulds.
In
Neuhausen auf den Fildern, which is only 6 kilometres away from Nürtingen,
several mould fragments have been discovered in a cement floor.
Because of the similarities with decorations found at Nürtingen, it is difficult
to avoid the conclusion that these mould fragments have been produced in Nürtingen.
Nearby Waiblingen, in the area called "Bildstöckle", traces of a Roman ceramic industry have been found already in the 19th Century.
Extensive excavations in the year 1967 proofed that the finds were related
to a pottery village which was entirely dedicated to pottery production. Up
to 31 pottery kilns have been excavated. Additionally, not only moulds but
also figure dies for decorating moulds were discovered..
The potter Reginus was found to have been the dominating mould maker. Apart from
that, other stylistically independent mould series and figure types of Domitianus
und Marinus have been found.
The relations between the Swabian Reginus and the Reginus who was producing at
Heiligenberg are giving a hint for the dating of Waiblingen. It is conceivable,
that the Heiligenberg Reginus at first tried to start up business in the Swabian
area, before he moved to Rheinzabern.
Already at the beginning of the 20th Century moulds and kiln-pads have been found
during prospections at the Stuttgart Kräherwald. They were published by R.
Knorr. On one of the kild-pads traces of a stamp of Sedatus are visible, who
has also worked at Rheinzabern. Like in Waiblingen, Reginus was also in this
pottery active with a figure type repertoire strongly connected to Heiligenberg
and Rheinzabern.
Two large Samian manufactories are known from southern Germania Superior. On
n the peninsula Bern-Enge and in Baden as well, decorated Samian has been produced
in large quantities. When looking at the distribution of these wares, a sharp
division into two parts of the Helvetian market is clearly visible: whereas
the products from Baden have been sold mainly towards in Western directions,
the pottery from Bern-Enge was principally marketed towards the North and East:
Stylistically, the Helvetian products are not orientating themselves towards
the large manufacture of Rheinzabern, but towards the Raetian Samian industry
of Westerndorf. The vague dating ideas about the Bern-Enge and Baden production
period (at the end of the 2nd Century / beginning of the 3rd century) are in
correspondence with this.
.
During the excavations of R. Forrer at the beginning of the 20th Century, large
pottery installations with several kilns have been found. The extensive Samian
has been published along general lines in 1911.
The relation between the Heiligenberg pottery and the ca. 150 AD simultaneously
founded manufactories in Rheinzabern and Waiblingen is still not very clear.
Indisputable is at least, that the Heiligenberg Reginus was also active in
Waiblingen. It can also be taken for granted, that the Heiligenberg potter
Ianus was the same whom we know from the starting period in Rheinzabern. The
close relation between the Samian manufactories in Heiligenberg and Rheinzabern
is also clearly visible in the habit to stamp decorated pots on the rim. This
practice was widely in use in Heiligenberg and during the early period of Rheinzabern.
As an example, the potter Constans did not only in Heiligenberg, but also in
Rheinzabern stamp rims of decorated ware with his name.
The decorate ware in Heiligenberg was largely made by only a few mould makers:
Ianus, F-Meister, Reginus und Ciriuna. Recent chemical-mineralogical analysis
has shown that the decorated ware of Verecundus, which was found at Heiligenberg,
cannot have been produced there. Also the theory of R. Forrer, that Ittenweiler
was an independent production site must nowadays be rejected. According to
the same chemical-mineralogical analysis, the allegedly in Ittenweiler produced
wares must have been produced in Heiligenberg.
The distribution of Samian pottery produced in Heiligenberg is remarkable closely
related to the Vordere Limes, which was established 155/160 AD. It is hardly
accidental that the nearby the Vordere Limes established pottery in Waiblingen
was initiated by the workshop of Reginus in Heiligenberg.The largest Samian manufacturing site in Germania Superior was situated along
the long-distance road from Strasbourg to Speyer. It supplied between 150/160
AD up to 260 AD large parts of the North-Western Roman Empire.
A section of the 1974-1993 excavation results is showing a classic road vicus
with stripe houses orientated parallel to the main road. The more remote areas
further away from the main road were clearly less structured.
Already during the 1st century AD, the clay resources nearby Rheinzabern were exploited. The road vicus Tabernae Rhenanae with its typical stripe houses was in the 1st century AD a production site for tiles of the Legio IV Macedonica and Legio XXII Primigenia. At the end of the 1st century AD, the legions Legio I Adiutrix, Legio XIV and Legio XXI Rapax made tiles in the same place. These legions were stationed in Mainz. Whether the pottery village was under military administration is unknown. A military camp has until now not been found..
Apart from tile production, also coarse ware has been produced.
In the middle of the 2nd century AD several parcel structures were not considered anymore and pottery installation were build on top of them. It is yet unclear whether this happened only locally or in the whole village.
The manufacturing of decorated Samian started in Rheinzabern around 150 AD. With the aid of moulds, decorated vessels could be produced in series. The technique of 2 room kilns, which technique was transferred from Italy, allowed for a separating of smoke and ceramic during the firing and also for extremely high firing temperatures of more than 1000 degrees.
Statistical studies proofed that the Rheinzabern potters were organised in 7 groups. They can be called Jaccard-Gruppen. Some potters could switch between the groups.
Rheinzabern Samian was distributed from England to the Black Sea. The dots on
the map are only showing the presence of Rheinzabern Samian. They do not present
frequencies. Based on the quantities behind each dot, the distribution in England
and Romania can be considered as a periphery market.
When considering the distribution map of Rheinzabern Samian, it is clear that
there have been several gravity centres in Barbaricum, which cannot be contributed
to research focussing on certain areas.
The remarkable strong concentration in Friesland is possibly related to the
enhancement of the coastal defence systems in Zeeland, Belgium and England
during the reign of the Usurpator Carausius. The strongholds in Aardenburg,
Oudenburg and Shadwell are clear indications of an intensified military presence
and with that a strong pointer towards where the money went in this area at
that time. At the same time, the actual Limes in Germania Inferior was hardly
supplied anymore with Samian.
Some find contexts in the vicinity of Leuna-Hassleben from period C1
brought considerable quantities of Samian produced in Rheinzabern. The fact
that many gold coins from the same period have been found in this region strongly
points towards a special relationship between the tribal people near Leuna-Hassleben
and the Roman Empire. This relationship must not have been of a friendly nature,
as finds from the Mainfranken seem to indicate. The Germanic settlements in
Mainfranken delivered also large quantities of Samian produced in Rheinzabern.
But in this case, the Germani from this region were considered as hostile
by the Romans, since the adjoining Limes section was enforced with police stations
of the benificarii.
On the other hand are the remarkable quantities found in Slovakia and Pannonia
directly related to the military campaigns of the Marcomannic wars and the
presence of the Roman emperors in Aquincum until 212 AD. The majority of the
decorated Samian found in this region dates is datable in this period.
The significant find concentration in central Poland cannot be explained at the moment. Because the same decoration series are involved as those found in Slovakia and Pannonia, it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that there must have been a relation between this central Polish region and the Marcomannic wars and the presence of the emperors Septimus Severus und Caracalla in Pannonia afterwards.
Putting things together concerning the distribution of Rheinzabern Samian, one can clearly see a development in its distribution patterns. The early products were mainly sold in the mid-Neckar area and Raetia. The vessels made in the middle production period were preferably merchandised into the Pannonia area and its adjacent Barbaricum. The latish Rheinzabern Samian was mainly distributed in the Wetterau and towards the North Sea coast.
Several mould fragments have been found outside the manufacturing sites in the
Germanic provinces and in Raetia as well. By far the most mould fragments
could be registered in the province Germania Superior. This could have
been caused
by the high concentration of production sites in this province.
A general impression when looking at the distribution of mould finds is that
they usually occur within the proper distribution area of the production site.
The only exception is a mould
find in Kempten in the province Raetia. All this evidence suggests that these pieces were transported within the context
of the regular ceramic trade and can not be taken as indications for the establishment
of new Samian potteries in hitherto uncovered distribution markets.
The provenance of several mould finds is unclear. This concerns specifically large mould fragments in which mould stamps are completely preserved. Especially this category can be found regularly in old museum basement collections with uncertain provenance. Therefore it seems logic that these pieces came in exchange or as a present from the Rheinzabern excavations in the beginning of the 20th Century. Similar mould finds are known the magazines from Lyon, Nantes and Bordeaux.
The following list contains the mould fragments hitherto found outside the Samian production sites. List 2 contains finds from museum basement collections with unclear provenances. A third list shows moulds in fine ware technique.
In very few cases fine ware has been produced out of Samian moulds. These indirect evidence for the presence of Samian moulds can be summarised in a fourth list.
To conclude: the foundation of Samian manufacturies in Germania Superior and Raetia happened along a very clear chronological line from the West towards the East. The earliest newly started Samian production centres were started in Luxeuil (120-140 n.Chr.) and Heiligenberg (140-160 n.Chr.). A connection between Heiligenberg and the military activities at the Vordere Limes can only partly be assumed for Heiligenberg. On the contrary, in the case of Waiblingen, this connection is very clear related to the forwarding of the Limes in 155/160 n.Chr. The marketing area of the Samian production centres in Schwabegg and Westerndorf were orientated much further towards the East, were between 170 and 220 AD a large economic potential appeared in the context of the Marcomannic wars and the presence of several emperors in the middle Danube area.
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